中考英语考点透析：宾语从句
宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语，将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下：
一、引导词
A, 由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。
例：I told him that he was wrong.
l在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。
例：I don’t think you are right. (我认为你做的不对)
在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式宾语。
例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone. (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)
B, 由连词if、 whether 引导的表示“是否…”的宾语从句。Whether, if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。
例：I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.
The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.
宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.
例：I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.
C, 由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which,和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。
例：Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语)
I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)
二、宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分
例：I believe that they will come soon.
He asked me whether I was a teacher.
They wanted to know what they can do for us.
三、宾语从句的时态
宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，
既：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。
主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。
例:
1)She says that she is a student.
She said that she was a student.
2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.
She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.
3)She says that she has finished her homework already.
She said that she had finished her homework already.
4)She says that she can sing a song in English.
She said that she could sing a song in English.
l如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。
例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
He told me that Japan is an island country.
l Could you tell me…是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。
例：Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum?
注意事项：
由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。
例：She said: “I have been to England before.”
She said that she had been to England before.
She asked me: “Do you like maths?”
She asked me if I liked maths.
宾语从句与简单句的交换。
由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用“疑问词+不定式
”做宾语的简单句结构。
例：I don’t know what I should do next.
I don’t know what to do next.
He didn’t know where he would live.
He didn’t know where to live.
宾语从句三个需要注意的地方
1. 注意引导词
由陈述句转化而来的宾语从句，引导词为that，that在口语或非正式文体中可省略；由一般疑问句转化而来的宾语从句，引导词为if或whether；由特殊疑问句转化而来的宾语从句，引导词为句子本身的特殊疑问词，即what，when，where等。例如：
Tom says (that) he will fly to Beijing tomorrow. 汤姆说他明天将要坐飞机去北京。
He asked me if / whether I know his name. 他问我是否知道他的名字。
I want to know where you went yesterday. 我想知道你昨天去哪儿了。
2. 注意从句语序
宾语从句的语序应该为陈述句语序，即“主语+谓语+宾语+其他”。也就是说，将疑问句转化成宾语从句时，一定要将疑问句语序转变成陈述句语序。例如：
Can you tell me what he is doing? 你能告诉我他正在做什么吗？
<特别提醒> 当疑问句在宾语从句中做主语时，语序不变。例如：
Do you know what makes him so angry? 你知道什么事使他如此生气吗？
I don’t know what is wrong with her. 我不知道她出什么事了。
3. 注意从句时态
主句为一般现在时态，则宾语从句根据实际情况用任意的时态；但主句为一般过去时态时，宾语从句则要用过去的相对应的某种时态。例如：
She tells me that she will come by train. 她说她将要坐火车来。
She told me that she would come by train. 她说她将要坐火车来。
<特别提醒> 如果宾语从句表示的是客观真理或是科学事实，其谓语动词仍用一般现在时态。例如：
Our teacher told us that the sun is much bigger than the moon.
老师告诉我们说太阳比月球大得多。
练一练：单项选择
1. I didn’t understand ________________, so I raised my hand to ask.
A. what my teacher says
B. what does my teacher say
C. what my teacher said
D. what did my teacher say
2. Did you Know __________ at the bus stop? Maybe their teacher.
A. who are they waiting for
B. whom they are waiting for
C. whom they were waiting for
3. The policeman asked the child __________ so that he could take him home.
A. where did he live
B. where he lived
C. how he lived
4. — Can you guess __________ the MP4 player yesterday ?
— Sorry, I’ve no idea about it.
A. how much did he pay for
B. how can he get
C. how much he paid for
D. how he has got
5. — Paul，I hear you have just bought a very expensive MP4. 1 want to know __________．
— Oh，in Japan．
A. how much it costs
B. where you bought it
C. which country is it made in
参考答案：1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B
